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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge" /> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <title>22. Internationalization — Python 2.7.18 documentation</title> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/classic.css" type="text/css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/pygments.css" type="text/css" /> <script type="text/javascript" id="documentation_options" data-url_root="../" src="../_static/documentation_options.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/language_data.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/sidebar.js"></script> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" title="Search within Python 2.7.18 documentation" href="../_static/opensearch.xml"/> <link rel="author" title="About these documents" href="../about.html" /> <link rel="index" title="Index" href="../genindex.html" /> <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html" /> <link rel="copyright" title="Copyright" href="../copyright.html" /> <link rel="next" title="22.1. gettext — Multilingual internationalization services" href="gettext.html" /> <link rel="prev" title="21.10. ossaudiodev — Access to OSS-compatible audio devices" href="ossaudiodev.html" /> <link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/png" href="../_static/py.png" /> <link rel="canonical" href="file:///usr/share/doc/python2.7/html/library/i18n.html" /> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/copybutton.js"></script> </head><body> <div id="outdated-warning" style="padding: .5em; text-align: center; background-color: #FFBABA; color: #6A0E0E;"> This document is for an old version of Python that is <a href="https://devguide.python.org/devcycle/#end-of-life-branches">no longer supported</a>. You should install the python3 and python3-doc packages and read the <a href="file:///usr/share/doc/python3-doc/html/library/i18n.html"> Python documentation for the Python3 version packaged in this release</a>. </div> <div class="related" role="navigation" aria-label="related navigation"> <h3>Navigation</h3> <ul> <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px"> <a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index" accesskey="I">index</a></li> <li class="right" > <a href="../py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index" >modules</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="gettext.html" title="22.1. gettext — Multilingual internationalization services" accesskey="N">next</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="ossaudiodev.html" title="21.10. ossaudiodev — Access to OSS-compatible audio devices" accesskey="P">previous</a> |</li> <li><img src="../_static/py.png" alt="" style="vertical-align: middle; margin-top: -1px"/></li> <li><a href="https://www.python.org/">Python</a> »</li> <li> <a href="../index.html">Python 2.7.18 documentation</a> » </li> <li class="nav-item nav-item-1"><a href="index.html" accesskey="U">The Python Standard Library</a> »</li> </ul> </div> <div class="document"> <div class="documentwrapper"> <div class="bodywrapper"> <div class="body" role="main"> <div class="section" id="internationalization"> <span id="i18n"></span><h1>22. Internationalization<a class="headerlink" href="#internationalization" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1> <p>The modules described in this chapter help you write software that is independent of language and locale by providing mechanisms for selecting a language to be used in program messages or by tailoring output to match local conventions.</p> <p>The list of modules described in this chapter is:</p> <div class="toctree-wrapper compound"> <ul> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="gettext.html">22.1. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">gettext</span></code> — Multilingual internationalization services</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="gettext.html#gnu-gettext-api">22.1.1. GNU <strong class="program">gettext</strong> API</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="gettext.html#class-based-api">22.1.2. Class-based API</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="gettext.html#the-nulltranslations-class">22.1.2.1. The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NullTranslations</span></code> class</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="gettext.html#the-gnutranslations-class">22.1.2.2. The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">GNUTranslations</span></code> class</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="gettext.html#solaris-message-catalog-support">22.1.2.3. Solaris message catalog support</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="gettext.html#the-catalog-constructor">22.1.2.4. The Catalog constructor</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="gettext.html#internationalizing-your-programs-and-modules">22.1.3. Internationalizing your programs and modules</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="gettext.html#localizing-your-module">22.1.3.1. Localizing your module</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="gettext.html#localizing-your-application">22.1.3.2. Localizing your application</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="gettext.html#changing-languages-on-the-fly">22.1.3.3. Changing languages on the fly</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="gettext.html#deferred-translations">22.1.3.4. Deferred translations</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="gettext.html#gettext-vs-lgettext">22.1.3.5. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">gettext()</span></code> vs. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lgettext()</span></code></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="gettext.html#acknowledgements">22.1.4. Acknowledgements</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="locale.html">22.2. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">locale</span></code> — Internationalization services</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="locale.html#background-details-hints-tips-and-caveats">22.2.1. Background, details, hints, tips and caveats</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="locale.html#for-extension-writers-and-programs-that-embed-python">22.2.2. For extension writers and programs that embed Python</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="locale.html#access-to-message-catalogs">22.2.3. 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