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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge" /> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <title>Extending and Embedding the Python Interpreter — Python 2.7.18 documentation</title> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/classic.css" type="text/css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/pygments.css" type="text/css" /> <script type="text/javascript" id="documentation_options" data-url_root="../" src="../_static/documentation_options.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/language_data.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/sidebar.js"></script> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" title="Search within Python 2.7.18 documentation" href="../_static/opensearch.xml"/> <link rel="author" title="About these documents" href="../about.html" /> <link rel="index" title="Index" href="../genindex.html" /> <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html" /> <link rel="copyright" title="Copyright" href="../copyright.html" /> <link rel="next" title="1. Extending Python with C or C++" href="extending.html" /> <link rel="prev" title="41. Undocumented Modules" href="../library/undoc.html" /> <link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/png" href="../_static/py.png" /> <link rel="canonical" href="file:///usr/share/doc/python2.7/html/extending/index.html" /> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/copybutton.js"></script> </head><body> <div id="outdated-warning" style="padding: .5em; text-align: center; background-color: #FFBABA; color: #6A0E0E;"> This document is for an old version of Python that is <a href="https://devguide.python.org/devcycle/#end-of-life-branches">no longer supported</a>. You should install the python3 and python3-doc packages and read the <a href="file:///usr/share/doc/python3-doc/html/extending/index.html"> Python documentation for the Python3 version packaged in this release</a>. </div> <div class="related" role="navigation" aria-label="related navigation"> <h3>Navigation</h3> <ul> <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px"> <a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index" accesskey="I">index</a></li> <li class="right" > <a href="../py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index" >modules</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="extending.html" title="1. Extending Python with C or C++" accesskey="N">next</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="../library/undoc.html" title="41. Undocumented Modules" accesskey="P">previous</a> |</li> <li><img src="../_static/py.png" alt="" style="vertical-align: middle; margin-top: -1px"/></li> <li><a href="https://www.python.org/">Python</a> »</li> <li> <a href="../index.html">Python 2.7.18 documentation</a> » </li> </ul> </div> <div class="document"> <div class="documentwrapper"> <div class="bodywrapper"> <div class="body" role="main"> <div class="section" id="extending-and-embedding-the-python-interpreter"> <span id="extending-index"></span><h1>Extending and Embedding the Python Interpreter<a class="headerlink" href="#extending-and-embedding-the-python-interpreter" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1> <p>This document describes how to write modules in C or C++ to extend the Python interpreter with new modules. Those modules can not only define new functions but also new object types and their methods. The document also describes how to embed the Python interpreter in another application, for use as an extension language. Finally, it shows how to compile and link extension modules so that they can be loaded dynamically (at run time) into the interpreter, if the underlying operating system supports this feature.</p> <p>This document assumes basic knowledge about Python. For an informal introduction to the language, see <a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html#tutorial-index"><span class="std std-ref">The Python Tutorial</span></a>. <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/index.html#reference-index"><span class="std std-ref">The Python Language Reference</span></a> gives a more formal definition of the language. <a class="reference internal" href="../library/index.html#library-index"><span class="std std-ref">The Python Standard Library</span></a> documents the existing object types, functions and modules (both built-in and written in Python) that give the language its wide application range.</p> <p>For a detailed description of the whole Python/C API, see the separate <a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/index.html#c-api-index"><span class="std std-ref">Python/C API Reference Manual</span></a>.</p> <div class="admonition note"> <p class="first admonition-title">Note</p> <p class="last">This guide only covers the basic tools for creating extensions provided as part of this version of CPython. Third party tools may offer simpler alternatives. Refer to the <a class="reference external" href="https://packaging.python.org/en/latest/extensions/">binary extensions section</a> in the Python Packaging User Guide for more information.</p> </div> <div class="toctree-wrapper compound"> <ul> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="extending.html">1. Extending Python with C or C++</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="extending.html#a-simple-example">1.1. A Simple Example</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="extending.html#intermezzo-errors-and-exceptions">1.2. Intermezzo: Errors and Exceptions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="extending.html#back-to-the-example">1.3. Back to the Example</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="extending.html#the-module-s-method-table-and-initialization-function">1.4. The Module’s Method Table and Initialization Function</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="extending.html#compilation-and-linkage">1.5. Compilation and Linkage</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="extending.html#calling-python-functions-from-c">1.6. Calling Python Functions from C</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="extending.html#extracting-parameters-in-extension-functions">1.7. Extracting Parameters in Extension Functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="extending.html#keyword-parameters-for-extension-functions">1.8. Keyword Parameters for Extension Functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="extending.html#building-arbitrary-values">1.9. Building Arbitrary Values</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="extending.html#reference-counts">1.10. Reference Counts</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="extending.html#writing-extensions-in-c">1.11. Writing Extensions in C++</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="extending.html#providing-a-c-api-for-an-extension-module">1.12. Providing a C API for an Extension Module</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="newtypes.html">2. Defining New Types</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="newtypes.html#the-basics">2.1. The Basics</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="newtypes.html#type-methods">2.2. Type Methods</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="building.html">3. Building C and C++ Extensions with distutils</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="building.html#distributing-your-extension-modules">3.1. Distributing your extension modules</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="windows.html">4. Building C and C++ Extensions on Windows</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="windows.html#a-cookbook-approach">4.1. A Cookbook Approach</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="windows.html#differences-between-unix-and-windows">4.2. Differences Between Unix and Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="windows.html#using-dlls-in-practice">4.3. Using DLLs in Practice</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="embedding.html">5. Embedding Python in Another Application</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="embedding.html#very-high-level-embedding">5.1. Very High Level Embedding</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="embedding.html#beyond-very-high-level-embedding-an-overview">5.2. Beyond Very High Level Embedding: An overview</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="embedding.html#pure-embedding">5.3. Pure Embedding</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="embedding.html#extending-embedded-python">5.4. Extending Embedded Python</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="embedding.html#embedding-python-in-c">5.5. Embedding Python in C++</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="embedding.html#compiling-and-linking-under-unix-like-systems">5.6. Compiling and Linking under Unix-like systems</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sphinxsidebar" role="navigation" aria-label="main navigation"> <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper"> <h4>Previous topic</h4> <p class="topless"><a href="../library/undoc.html" title="previous chapter">41. Undocumented Modules</a></p> <h4>Next topic</h4> <p class="topless"><a href="extending.html" title="next chapter">1. 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