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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge" /> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <title>Utilities — Python 2.7.18 documentation</title> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/classic.css" type="text/css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/pygments.css" type="text/css" /> <script type="text/javascript" id="documentation_options" data-url_root="../" src="../_static/documentation_options.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/language_data.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/sidebar.js"></script> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" title="Search within Python 2.7.18 documentation" href="../_static/opensearch.xml"/> <link rel="author" title="About these documents" href="../about.html" /> <link rel="index" title="Index" href="../genindex.html" /> <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html" /> <link rel="copyright" title="Copyright" href="../copyright.html" /> <link rel="next" title="Operating System Utilities" href="sys.html" /> <link rel="prev" title="Exception Handling" href="exceptions.html" /> <link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/png" href="../_static/py.png" /> <link rel="canonical" href="file:///usr/share/doc/python2.7/html/c-api/utilities.html" /> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/copybutton.js"></script> </head><body> <div id="outdated-warning" style="padding: .5em; text-align: center; background-color: #FFBABA; color: #6A0E0E;"> This document is for an old version of Python that is <a href="https://devguide.python.org/devcycle/#end-of-life-branches">no longer supported</a>. You should install the python3 and python3-doc packages and read the <a href="file:///usr/share/doc/python3-doc/html/c-api/utilities.html"> Python documentation for the Python3 version packaged in this release</a>. </div> <div class="related" role="navigation" aria-label="related navigation"> <h3>Navigation</h3> <ul> <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px"> <a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index" accesskey="I">index</a></li> <li class="right" > <a href="../py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index" >modules</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="sys.html" title="Operating System Utilities" accesskey="N">next</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="exceptions.html" title="Exception Handling" accesskey="P">previous</a> |</li> <li><img src="../_static/py.png" alt="" style="vertical-align: middle; margin-top: -1px"/></li> <li><a href="https://www.python.org/">Python</a> »</li> <li> <a href="../index.html">Python 2.7.18 documentation</a> » </li> <li class="nav-item nav-item-1"><a href="index.html" accesskey="U">Python/C API Reference Manual</a> »</li> </ul> </div> <div class="document"> <div class="documentwrapper"> <div class="bodywrapper"> <div class="body" role="main"> <div class="section" id="utilities"> <span id="id1"></span><h1>Utilities<a class="headerlink" href="#utilities" title="Permalink to this headline">ΒΆ</a></h1> <p>The functions in this chapter perform various utility tasks, ranging from helping C code be more portable across platforms, using Python modules from C, and parsing function arguments and constructing Python values from C values.</p> <div class="toctree-wrapper compound"> <ul> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="sys.html">Operating System Utilities</a></li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#system-functions">System Functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#process-control">Process Control</a></li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="import.html">Importing Modules</a></li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="marshal.html">Data marshalling support</a></li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="arg.html">Parsing arguments and building values</a></li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="conversion.html">String conversion and formatting</a></li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="reflection.html">Reflection</a></li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="codec.html">Codec registry and support functions</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="codec.html#codec-lookup-api">Codec lookup API</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="codec.html#registry-api-for-unicode-encoding-error-handlers">Registry API for Unicode encoding error handlers</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sphinxsidebar" role="navigation" aria-label="main navigation"> <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper"> <h4>Previous topic</h4> <p class="topless"><a href="exceptions.html" title="previous chapter">Exception Handling</a></p> <h4>Next topic</h4> <p class="topless"><a href="sys.html" title="next chapter">Operating System Utilities</a></p> <div role="note" aria-label="source link"> <h3>This Page</h3> <ul class="this-page-menu"> <li><a href="../_sources/c-api/utilities.rst.txt" rel="nofollow">Show Source</a></li> </ul> </div> <div id="searchbox" style="display: none" role="search"> <h3>Quick search</h3> <div class="searchformwrapper"> <form class="search" action="../search.html" method="get"> <input type="text" name="q" /> <input type="submit" value="Go" /> <input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes" /> <input type="hidden" name="area" value="default" /> </form> </div> </div> <script type="text/javascript">$('#searchbox').show(0);</script> </div> </div> <div class="clearer"></div> </div> <div class="related" role="navigation" aria-label="related navigation"> <h3>Navigation</h3> <ul> <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px"> <a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index" >index</a></li> <li class="right" > <a href="../py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index" >modules</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="sys.html" title="Operating System Utilities" >next</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="exceptions.html" title="Exception Handling" >previous</a> |</li> <li><img src="../_static/py.png" alt="" style="vertical-align: middle; 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