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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge" /> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <title>3. Using Python on Windows — Python 2.7.18 documentation</title> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/classic.css" type="text/css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/pygments.css" type="text/css" /> <script type="text/javascript" id="documentation_options" data-url_root="../" src="../_static/documentation_options.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/language_data.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/sidebar.js"></script> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" title="Search within Python 2.7.18 documentation" href="../_static/opensearch.xml"/> <link rel="author" title="About these documents" href="../about.html" /> <link rel="index" title="Index" href="../genindex.html" /> <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html" /> <link rel="copyright" title="Copyright" href="../copyright.html" /> <link rel="next" title="4. Using Python on a Macintosh" href="mac.html" /> <link rel="prev" title="2. Using Python on Unix platforms" href="unix.html" /> <link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/png" href="../_static/py.png" /> <link rel="canonical" href="file:///usr/share/doc/python2.7/html/using/windows.html" /> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/copybutton.js"></script> </head><body> <div id="outdated-warning" style="padding: .5em; text-align: center; background-color: #FFBABA; color: #6A0E0E;"> This document is for an old version of Python that is <a href="https://devguide.python.org/devcycle/#end-of-life-branches">no longer supported</a>. You should install the python3 and python3-doc packages and read the <a href="file:///usr/share/doc/python3-doc/html/using/windows.html"> Python documentation for the Python3 version packaged in this release</a>. </div> <div class="related" role="navigation" aria-label="related navigation"> <h3>Navigation</h3> <ul> <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px"> <a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index" accesskey="I">index</a></li> <li class="right" > <a href="../py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index" >modules</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="mac.html" title="4. Using Python on a Macintosh" accesskey="N">next</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="unix.html" title="2. Using Python on Unix platforms" accesskey="P">previous</a> |</li> <li><img src="../_static/py.png" alt="" style="vertical-align: middle; margin-top: -1px"/></li> <li><a href="https://www.python.org/">Python</a> »</li> <li> <a href="../index.html">Python 2.7.18 documentation</a> » </li> <li class="nav-item nav-item-1"><a href="index.html" accesskey="U">Python Setup and Usage</a> »</li> </ul> </div> <div class="document"> <div class="documentwrapper"> <div class="bodywrapper"> <div class="body" role="main"> <div class="section" id="using-python-on-windows"> <span id="using-on-windows"></span><h1>3. Using Python on Windows<a class="headerlink" href="#using-python-on-windows" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1> <p>This document aims to give an overview of Windows-specific behaviour you should know about when using Python on Microsoft Windows.</p> <div class="section" id="installing-python"> <h2>3.1. Installing Python<a class="headerlink" href="#installing-python" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <p>Unlike most Unix systems and services, Windows does not require Python natively and thus does not pre-install a version of Python. However, the CPython team has compiled Windows installers (MSI packages) with every <a class="reference external" href="https://www.python.org/download/releases/">release</a> for many years.</p> <p>With ongoing development of Python, some platforms that used to be supported earlier are no longer supported (due to the lack of users or developers). Check <span class="target" id="index-0"></span><a class="pep reference external" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0011"><strong>PEP 11</strong></a> for details on all unsupported platforms.</p> <ul class="simple"> <li>DOS and Windows 3.x are deprecated since Python 2.0 and code specific to these systems was removed in Python 2.1.</li> <li>Up to 2.5, Python was still compatible with Windows 95, 98 and ME (but already raised a deprecation warning on installation). For Python 2.6 (and all following releases), this support was dropped and new releases are just expected to work on the Windows NT family.</li> <li><a class="reference external" href="http://pythonce.sourceforge.net/">Windows CE</a> is still supported.</li> <li>The <a class="reference external" href="https://cygwin.com/">Cygwin</a> installer offers to install the Python interpreter as well (cf. <a class="reference external" href="ftp://ftp.uni-erlangen.de/pub/pc/gnuwin32/cygwin/mirrors/cygnus/release/python">Cygwin package source</a>, <a class="reference external" href="http://www.tishler.net/jason/software/python/">Maintainer releases</a>)</li> </ul> <p>See <a class="reference external" href="https://www.python.org/download/windows/">Python for Windows (and DOS)</a> for detailed information about platforms with precompiled installers.</p> <div class="admonition seealso"> <p class="first admonition-title">See also</p> <dl class="last docutils"> <dt><a class="reference external" href="http://dooling.com/index.php/2006/03/14/python-on-xp-7-minutes-to-hello-world/">Python on XP</a></dt> <dd>“7 Minutes to “Hello World!”” by Richard Dooling, 2006</dd> <dt><a class="reference external" href="http://www.diveintopython.net/installing_python/windows.html">Installing on Windows</a></dt> <dd>in “<a class="reference external" href="http://www.diveintopython.net/">Dive into Python: Python from novice to pro</a>” by Mark Pilgrim, 2004, ISBN 1-59059-356-1</dd> <dt><a class="reference external" href="http://python.swaroopch.com/installation.html#installation-on-windows">For Windows users</a></dt> <dd>in “Installing Python” in “<a class="reference external" href="http://python.swaroopch.com/">A Byte of Python</a>” by Swaroop C H, 2003</dd> </dl> </div> </div> <div class="section" id="alternative-bundles"> <h2>3.2. Alternative bundles<a class="headerlink" href="#alternative-bundles" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <p>Besides the standard CPython distribution, there are modified packages including additional functionality. The following is a list of popular versions and their key features:</p> <dl class="docutils"> <dt><a class="reference external" href="https://www.activestate.com/activepython/">ActivePython</a></dt> <dd>Installer with multi-platform compatibility, documentation, PyWin32</dd> <dt><a class="reference external" href="https://www.enthought.com/products/epd/">Enthought Python Distribution</a></dt> <dd>Popular modules (such as PyWin32) with their respective documentation, tool suite for building extensible Python applications</dd> </dl> <p>Notice that these packages are likely to install <em>older</em> versions of Python.</p> </div> <div class="section" id="configuring-python"> <h2>3.3. Configuring Python<a class="headerlink" href="#configuring-python" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <p>In order to run Python flawlessly, you might have to change certain environment settings in Windows.</p> <div class="section" id="excursus-setting-environment-variables"> <span id="setting-envvars"></span><h3>3.3.1. Excursus: Setting environment variables<a class="headerlink" href="#excursus-setting-environment-variables" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p>Windows has a built-in dialog for changing environment variables (following guide applies to XP classical view): Right-click the icon for your machine (usually located on your Desktop and called “My Computer”) and choose <span class="menuselection">Properties</span> there. Then, open the <span class="guilabel">Advanced</span> tab and click the <span class="guilabel">Environment Variables</span> button.</p> <p>In short, your path is:</p> <blockquote> <div><span class="menuselection">My Computer ‣ Properties ‣ Advanced ‣ Environment Variables</span></div></blockquote> <p>In this dialog, you can add or modify User and System variables. To change System variables, you need non-restricted access to your machine (i.e. Administrator rights).</p> <p>Another way of adding variables to your environment is using the <strong class="command">set</strong> command:</p> <div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>set PYTHONPATH=%PYTHONPATH%;C:\My_python_lib </pre></div> </div> <p>To make this setting permanent, you could add the corresponding command line to your <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">autoexec.bat</span></code>. <strong class="program">msconfig</strong> is a graphical interface to this file.</p> <p>Viewing environment variables can also be done more straight-forward: The command prompt will expand strings wrapped into percent signs automatically:</p> <div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>echo %PATH% </pre></div> </div> <p>Consult <strong class="command">set /?</strong> for details on this behaviour.</p> <div class="admonition seealso"> <p class="first admonition-title">See also</p> <dl class="last docutils"> <dt><a class="reference external" href="https://support.microsoft.com/kb/100843">https://support.microsoft.com/kb/100843</a></dt> <dd>Environment variables in Windows NT</dd> <dt><a class="reference external" href="https://support.microsoft.com/kb/310519">https://support.microsoft.com/kb/310519</a></dt> <dd>How To Manage Environment Variables in Windows XP</dd> <dt><a class="reference external" href="https://www.chem.gla.ac.uk/~louis/software/faq/q1.html">https://www.chem.gla.ac.uk/~louis/software/faq/q1.html</a></dt> <dd>Setting Environment variables, Louis J. Farrugia</dd> </dl> </div> </div> <div class="section" id="finding-the-python-executable"> <h3>3.3.2. Finding the Python executable<a class="headerlink" href="#finding-the-python-executable" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p>Besides using the automatically created start menu entry for the Python interpreter, you might want to start Python in the DOS prompt. To make this work, you need to set your <span class="target" id="index-1"></span><code class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">%PATH%</span></code> environment variable to include the directory of your Python distribution, delimited by a semicolon from other entries. An example variable could look like this (assuming the first two entries are Windows’ default):</p> <div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>C:\WINDOWS\system32;C:\WINDOWS;C:\Python25 </pre></div> </div> <p>Typing <strong class="command">python</strong> on your command prompt will now fire up the Python interpreter. Thus, you can also execute your scripts with command line options, see <a class="reference internal" href="cmdline.html#using-on-cmdline"><span class="std std-ref">Command line</span></a> documentation.</p> </div> <div class="section" id="finding-modules"> <h3>3.3.3. Finding modules<a class="headerlink" href="#finding-modules" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p>Python usually stores its library (and thereby your site-packages folder) in the installation directory. So, if you had installed Python to <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">C:\Python\</span></code>, the default library would reside in <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">C:\Python\Lib\</span></code> and third-party modules should be stored in <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">C:\Python\Lib\site-packages\</span></code>.</p> <p>This is how <a class="reference internal" href="../library/sys.html#sys.path" title="sys.path"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.path</span></code></a> is populated on Windows:</p> <ul class="simple"> <li>An empty entry is added at the start, which corresponds to the current directory.</li> <li>If the environment variable <span class="target" id="index-2"></span><a class="reference internal" href="cmdline.html#envvar-PYTHONPATH"><code class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PYTHONPATH</span></code></a> exists, as described in <a class="reference internal" href="cmdline.html#using-on-envvars"><span class="std std-ref">Environment variables</span></a>, its entries are added next. Note that on Windows, paths in this variable must be separated by semicolons, to distinguish them from the colon used in drive identifiers (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">C:\</span></code> etc.).</li> <li>Additional “application paths” can be added in the registry as subkeys of <code class="samp docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">\SOFTWARE\Python\PythonCore{version}\PythonPath</span></code> under both the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">HKEY_CURRENT_USER</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE</span></code> hives. Subkeys which have semicolon-delimited path strings as their default value will cause each path to be added to <a class="reference internal" href="../library/sys.html#sys.path" title="sys.path"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.path</span></code></a>. (Note that all known installers only use HKLM, so HKCU is typically empty.)</li> <li>If the environment variable <span class="target" id="index-3"></span><a class="reference internal" href="cmdline.html#envvar-PYTHONHOME"><code class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PYTHONHOME</span></code></a> is set, it is assumed as “Python Home”. Otherwise, the path of the main Python executable is used to locate a “landmark file” (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Lib\os.py</span></code>) to deduce the “Python Home”. If a Python home is found, the relevant sub-directories added to <a class="reference internal" href="../library/sys.html#sys.path" title="sys.path"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.path</span></code></a> (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Lib</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">plat-win</span></code>, etc) are based on that folder. Otherwise, the core Python path is constructed from the PythonPath stored in the registry.</li> <li>If the Python Home cannot be located, no <span class="target" id="index-4"></span><a class="reference internal" href="cmdline.html#envvar-PYTHONPATH"><code class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PYTHONPATH</span></code></a> is specified in the environment, and no registry entries can be found, a default path with relative entries is used (e.g. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.\Lib;.\plat-win</span></code>, etc).</li> </ul> <p>The end result of all this is:</p> <ul class="simple"> <li>When running <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">python.exe</span></code>, or any other .exe in the main Python directory (either an installed version, or directly from the PCbuild directory), the core path is deduced, and the core paths in the registry are ignored. Other “application paths” in the registry are always read.</li> <li>When Python is hosted in another .exe (different directory, embedded via COM, etc), the “Python Home” will not be deduced, so the core path from the registry is used. Other “application paths” in the registry are always read.</li> <li>If Python can’t find its home and there is no registry (eg, frozen .exe, some very strange installation setup) you get a path with some default, but relative, paths.</li> </ul> </div> <div class="section" id="executing-scripts"> <h3>3.3.4. Executing scripts<a class="headerlink" href="#executing-scripts" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p>Python scripts (files with the extension <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.py</span></code>) will be executed by <strong class="program">python.exe</strong> by default. This executable opens a terminal, which stays open even if the program uses a GUI. If you do not want this to happen, use the extension <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.pyw</span></code> which will cause the script to be executed by <strong class="program">pythonw.exe</strong> by default (both executables are located in the top-level of your Python installation directory). This suppresses the terminal window on startup.</p> <p>You can also make all <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.py</span></code> scripts execute with <strong class="program">pythonw.exe</strong>, setting this through the usual facilities, for example (might require administrative rights):</p> <ol class="arabic"> <li><p class="first">Launch a command prompt.</p> </li> <li><p class="first">Associate the correct file group with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.py</span></code> scripts:</p> <div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>assoc .py=Python.File </pre></div> </div> </li> <li><p class="first">Redirect all Python files to the new executable:</p> <div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>ftype Python.File=C:\Path\to\pythonw.exe "%1" %* </pre></div> </div> </li> </ol> </div> </div> <div class="section" id="additional-modules"> <h2>3.4. Additional modules<a class="headerlink" href="#additional-modules" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <p>Even though Python aims to be portable among all platforms, there are features that are unique to Windows. A couple of modules, both in the standard library and external, and snippets exist to use these features.</p> <p>The Windows-specific standard modules are documented in <a class="reference internal" href="../library/windows.html#mswin-specific-services"><span class="std std-ref">MS Windows Specific Services</span></a>.</p> <div class="section" id="pywin32"> <h3>3.4.1. PyWin32<a class="headerlink" href="#pywin32" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p>The <a class="reference external" href="https://pypi.org/project/pywin32">PyWin32</a> module by Mark Hammond is a collection of modules for advanced Windows-specific support. This includes utilities for:</p> <ul class="simple"> <li><a class="reference external" href="https://www.microsoft.com/com/">Component Object Model</a> (COM)</li> <li>Win32 API calls</li> <li>Registry</li> <li>Event log</li> <li><a class="reference external" href="https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/fe1cf721%28VS.80%29.aspx">Microsoft Foundation Classes</a> (MFC) user interfaces</li> </ul> <p><a class="reference external" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060524042422/https://www.python.org/windows/pythonwin/">PythonWin</a> is a sample MFC application shipped with PyWin32. It is an embeddable IDE with a built-in debugger.</p> <div class="admonition seealso"> <p class="first admonition-title">See also</p> <dl class="last docutils"> <dt><a class="reference external" href="http://timgolden.me.uk/python/win32_how_do_i.html">Win32 How Do I…?</a></dt> <dd>by Tim Golden</dd> <dt><a class="reference external" href="http://www.boddie.org.uk/python/COM.html">Python and COM</a></dt> <dd>by David and Paul Boddie</dd> </dl> </div> </div> <div class="section" id="py2exe"> <h3>3.4.2. Py2exe<a class="headerlink" href="#py2exe" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p><a class="reference external" href="http://www.py2exe.org/">Py2exe</a> is a <a class="reference internal" href="../library/distutils.html#module-distutils" title="distutils: Support for building and installing Python modules into an existing Python installation."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">distutils</span></code></a> extension (see <a class="reference internal" href="../distutils/extending.html#extending-distutils"><span class="std std-ref">Extending Distutils</span></a>) which wraps Python scripts into executable Windows programs (<code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><em><span class="pre">*</span></em><span class="pre">.exe</span></code> files). When you have done this, you can distribute your application without requiring your users to install Python.</p> </div> <div class="section" id="wconio"> <h3>3.4.3. WConio<a class="headerlink" href="#wconio" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p>Since Python’s advanced terminal handling layer, <a class="reference internal" href="../library/curses.html#module-curses" title="curses: An interface to the curses library, providing portable terminal handling. (Unix)"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">curses</span></code></a>, is restricted to Unix-like systems, there is a library exclusive to Windows as well: Windows Console I/O for Python.</p> <p><a class="reference external" href="http://newcenturycomputers.net/projects/wconio.html">WConio</a> is a wrapper for Turbo-C’s <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CONIO.H</span></code>, used to create text user interfaces.</p> </div> </div> <div class="section" id="compiling-python-on-windows"> <h2>3.5. Compiling Python on Windows<a class="headerlink" href="#compiling-python-on-windows" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <p>If you want to compile CPython yourself, first thing you should do is get the <a class="reference external" href="https://www.python.org/downloads/source/">source</a>. You can download either the latest release’s source or just grab a fresh <a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/devguide/setup.html#getting-the-source-code">checkout</a>.</p> <p>For Microsoft Visual C++, which is the compiler with which official Python releases are built, the source tree contains solutions/project files. View the <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">readme.txt</span></code> in their respective directories:</p> <table border="1" class="docutils"> <colgroup> <col width="35%" /> <col width="25%" /> <col width="40%" /> </colgroup> <thead valign="bottom"> <tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">Directory</th> <th class="head">MSVC version</th> <th class="head">Visual Studio version</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody valign="top"> <tr class="row-even"><td><code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PC/VC6/</span></code></td> <td>6.0</td> <td>97</td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PC/VS7.1/</span></code></td> <td>7.1</td> <td>2003</td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td><code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PC/VS8.0/</span></code></td> <td>8.0</td> <td>2005</td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PCbuild/</span></code></td> <td>9.0</td> <td>2008</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>Note that not all of these build directories are fully supported. Read the release notes to see which compiler version the official releases for your version are built with.</p> <p>Check <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PC/readme.txt</span></code> for general information on the build process.</p> <p>For extension modules, consult <a class="reference internal" href="../extending/windows.html#building-on-windows"><span class="std std-ref">Building C and C++ Extensions on Windows</span></a>.</p> <div class="admonition seealso"> <p class="first admonition-title">See also</p> <dl class="last docutils"> <dt><a class="reference external" href="http://sebsauvage.net/python/mingw.html">Python + Windows + distutils + SWIG + gcc MinGW</a></dt> <dd>or “Creating Python extensions in C/C++ with SWIG and compiling them with MinGW gcc under Windows” or “Installing Python extension with distutils and without Microsoft Visual C++” by Sébastien Sauvage, 2003</dd> <dt><a class="reference external" href="http://oldwiki.mingw.org/index.php/Python%20extensions">MingW – Python extensions</a></dt> <dd>by Trent Apted et al, 2007</dd> </dl> </div> </div> <div class="section" id="other-resources"> <h2>3.6. Other resources<a class="headerlink" href="#other-resources" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <div class="admonition seealso"> <p class="first admonition-title">See also</p> <dl class="last docutils"> <dt><a class="reference external" href="http://shop.oreilly.com/product/9781565926219.do">Python Programming On Win32</a></dt> <dd>“Help for Windows Programmers” by Mark Hammond and Andy Robinson, O’Reilly Media, 2000, ISBN 1-56592-621-8</dd> <dt><a class="reference external" href="http://www.imladris.com/Scripts/PythonForWindows.html">A Python for Windows Tutorial</a></dt> <dd>by Amanda Birmingham, 2004</dd> </dl> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sphinxsidebar" role="navigation" aria-label="main navigation"> <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper"> <h3><a href="../contents.html">Table of Contents</a></h3> <ul> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#">3. Using Python on Windows</a><ul> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#installing-python">3.1. Installing Python</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#alternative-bundles">3.2. Alternative bundles</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#configuring-python">3.3. Configuring Python</a><ul> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#excursus-setting-environment-variables">3.3.1. Excursus: Setting environment variables</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#finding-the-python-executable">3.3.2. Finding the Python executable</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#finding-modules">3.3.3. Finding modules</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#executing-scripts">3.3.4. Executing scripts</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#additional-modules">3.4. Additional modules</a><ul> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#pywin32">3.4.1. PyWin32</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#py2exe">3.4.2. Py2exe</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#wconio">3.4.3. WConio</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#compiling-python-on-windows">3.5. Compiling Python on Windows</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#other-resources">3.6. Other resources</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h4>Previous topic</h4> <p class="topless"><a href="unix.html" title="previous chapter">2. Using Python on Unix platforms</a></p> <h4>Next topic</h4> <p class="topless"><a href="mac.html" title="next chapter">4. 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